tar命令使用及tar实现全备份和增量备份

发布时间：2014-09-05 14:02:13作者：知识屋

首先弄清楚何为全备、增量备份、差异备份。简而言之，可以这样理解：

全备：对所有的文件做一次备份。

增量备份：本次和上一次的的差异。

差异备份：在全备的基础上做备份。

一 tar命令

[plain]

#创建测试文件夹和文件

[root@serv01 web]# cd /data

[root@serv01 data]# ls

[root@serv01 data]# mkdir /work

[root@serv01 data]# mkdir /work/upload

[root@serv01 data]# cd /work/upload/

[root@serv01 upload]# touchaa0{1,2,3,4,5}.txt

[root@serv01 upload]# ls

aa01.txt aa02.txt aa03.txt aa04.txt aa05.txt

#创建压缩包

[root@serv01 data]# tar -cvf upload01.tar/work/upload/

tar: Removing leading `/' from member names

/work/upload/

/work/upload/aa03.txt

/work/upload/aa01.txt

/work/upload/aa04.txt

/work/upload/aa05.txt

/work/upload/aa02.txt

#查看压缩包里面包含的文件

[root@serv01 data]# tar -tf upload01.tar

work/upload/

work/upload/aa03.txt

work/upload/aa01.txt

work/upload/aa04.txt

work/upload/aa05.txt

work/upload/aa02.txt

#删除掉数据，模拟数据丢失

[root@serv01 data]# rm -rf /work

#解压

[root@serv01 data]# tar -xvf upload01.tar-C /

work/upload/

work/upload/aa03.txt

work/upload/aa01.txt

work/upload/aa04.txt

work/upload/aa05.txt

work/upload/aa02.txt

[root@serv01 data]# ls /work

upload

[root@serv01 data]# ls

upload01.tar

#压缩时包含文件路径

[root@serv01 data]# tar -cPvf upload02.tar/work/upload/

/work/upload/

/work/upload/aa03.txt

/work/upload/aa01.txt

/work/upload/aa04.txt

/work/upload/aa05.txt

/work/upload/aa02.txt

#解压时就不需要指定文件路径了

[root@serv01 data]# tar -xPvf upload02.tar

/work/upload/

/work/upload/aa03.txt

/work/upload/aa01.txt

/work/upload/aa04.txt

/work/upload/aa05.txt

/work/upload/aa02.txt

[root@serv01 data]# ls /work/

upload

#不一定需要f参数，可以使用重定向解决

[root@serv01 data]# tar -cv upload03.tar/work/upload/

tar: upload03.tar: Cannot stat: No suchfile or directory

tar: Removing leading `/' from member names

/work/upload/

/work/upload/aa03.txt

/work/upload/aa01.txt

/work/upload/aa04.txt

/work/upload/aa05.txt

/work/upload/aa02.txt

work/upload/00007550000000000000000000000000121766767060120445ustar rootrootwork/upload/aa03.txt00006440000000000000000000000000121766767060133170ustar rootrootwork/upload/aa01.txt00006440000000000000000000000000121766767060133150ustar rootrootwork/upload/aa04.txt00006440000000000000000000000000121766767060133200ustar rootrootwork/upload/aa05.txt00006440000000000000000000000000121766767060133210ustar rootrootwork/upload/aa02.txt00006440000000000000000000000000121766767060133160ustar rootroottar: Exiting with failurestatus due to previous errors

#指定路径，重定向到upload03.tar

[root@serv01 data]# tar -cv /work/upload/> upload03.tar

tar: Removing leading `/' from member names

/work/upload/

/work/upload/aa03.txt

/work/upload/aa01.txt

/work/upload/aa04.txt

/work/upload/aa05.txt

/work/upload/aa02.txt

#删除目录

[root@serv01 data]# rm -rf /work/

#解压，指定输入源

[root@serv01 data]# tar -xv -C / <upload03.tar

work/upload/

work/upload/aa03.txt

work/upload/aa01.txt

work/upload/aa04.txt

work/upload/aa05.txt

work/upload/aa02.txt

#查看

[root@serv01 data]# ls /work/

upload

[root@serv01 data]# tar -tf upload03.tar

work/upload/

work/upload/aa03.txt

work/upload/aa01.txt

work/upload/aa04.txt

work/upload/aa05.txt

work/upload/aa02.txt

#测试路径加的不一样的效果

[root@serv01 data]# cd /work/

[root@serv01 work]# tar -cf upload04.tarupload/

[root@serv01 work]# tar -tf upload04.tar

upload/

upload/aa03.txt

upload/aa01.txt

upload/aa04.txt

upload/aa05.txt

upload/aa02.txt

#会解压到根下面的upload目录下

[root@serv01 work]# tar -xv -C / <upload04.tar

upload/

upload/aa03.txt

upload/aa01.txt

upload/aa04.txt

upload/aa05.txt

upload/aa02.txt

[root@serv01 work]# ls /upload/

aa01.txt aa02.txt aa03.txt aa04.txt aa05.txt

#创建aa06.txt文件

[root@serv01 upload]# touch aa06.txt

[root@serv01 upload]# cd /data

[root@serv01 data]# tar -tf upload02.tar

tar: Removing leading `/' from member names

/work/upload/

/work/upload/aa03.txt

/work/upload/aa01.txt

/work/upload/aa04.txt

/work/upload/aa05.txt

/work/upload/aa02.txt

#增加aa06.txt到upload02.tar中

[root@serv01 data]# tar -Pvf upload02.tar-r /work/upload/aa06.txt

/work/upload/aa06.txt

[root@serv01 data]# tar -tf upload02.tar

tar: Removing leading `/' from member names

/work/upload/

/work/upload/aa03.txt

/work/upload/aa01.txt

/work/upload/aa04.txt

/work/upload/aa05.txt

/work/upload/aa02.txt

/work/upload/aa06.txt

#演示文件修改后，更新压缩包

#编辑文件

[root@serv01 data]# vim/work/upload/aa01.txt

#更新

[root@serv01 data]# tar -uPvf upload02.tar/work/upload/

/work/upload/aa01.txt

[root@serv01 data]# tar -tf upload02.tar

tar: Removing leading `/' from member names

/work/upload/

/work/upload/aa03.txt

/work/upload/aa01.txt

/work/upload/aa04.txt

/work/upload/aa05.txt

/work/upload/aa02.txt

/work/upload/aa06.txt

/work/upload/aa01.txt

#删除文件，然后恢复

[root@serv01 data]# rm -rf /work/

[root@serv01 data]# ls /work/*

ls: cannot access /work/*: No such file or directory

[root@serv01 data]# tar -xPvf upload02.tar

/work/upload/

/work/upload/aa03.txt

/work/upload/aa01.txt

/work/upload/aa04.txt

/work/upload/aa05.txt

/work/upload/aa02.txt

/work/upload/aa06.txt

/work/upload/aa01.txt

#查看刚才更新的文件，发现没任何问题

[root@serv01 data]# cat/work/upload/aa01.txt

this is aa01.txt

#找到etc下面以conf结尾的文件，然后打包

[root@serv01 data]# find /etc/ -name"*.conf" | xargs tar -Pcvf test01.tar

#找到etc下面以conf结尾的文件，但不包含yum.conf，然后打包

[root@serv01 data]# find /etc/ -name"*.conf" ! -name "yum.conf" | xargs tar -Pcvf test02.tar

[root@serv01 data]# find /etc/ -name"*.conf" ! -name yum.conf | xargs tar -Pcvf test02.tar

#指定文件，然后备份

#将配置文件写到file1

[root@serv01 data]# find /etc -name"*.conf" > file1

#查看文件，可以看到所有的配置文件列表都已经存在了（注意是文件路径）

[root@serv01 data]# vim file1

#创建conf01.tar，然后T指定文件

[root@serv01 data]# tar -cPvf conf01.tar -Tfile1

[root@serv01 data]# tar -tf conf01.tar

[root@serv01 data]# ls -h conf01.tar -l

-rw-r--r—. 1 root root 250K Aug 2 18:18 conf01.tar

二 tar命令实现——全备和增量备份

[plain]

[root@serv01 data]# ls /work/upload/

aa01.txt aa02.txt aa03.txt aa04.txt aa05.txt aa06.txt

[root@serv01 data]# rm -rf upload01.tar

#这是全备，无法实现增量备份功能

[root@serv01 data]# tar -cPvf upload01.tar/work/upload/

#g指定标志文件

[root@serv01 data]# tar -g flag -cPvfupload01.tar /work/upload/

tar: /work/upload: Directory is new

/work/upload/

/work/upload/aa01.txt

/work/upload/aa02.txt

/work/upload/aa03.txt

/work/upload/aa04.txt

/work/upload/aa05.txt

/work/upload/aa06.txt

[root@serv01 data]# vim flag

#新建文件

[root@serv01 data]# touch /work/upload/aa07.txt

#更改文件

[root@serv01 data]# vim/work/upload/aa02.txt

[root@serv01 data]# tar -g flag -cPvfupload02.tar /work/upload/

/work/upload/

/work/upload/aa02.txt

/work/upload/aa07.txt

[root@serv01 data]# tar -tPf upload02.tar

/work/upload/

/work/upload/aa02.txt

/work/upload/aa07.txt

[root@serv01 data]# touch/work/upload/aa08.txt

[root@serv01 data]# rm -rf/work/upload/aa01.txt

[root@serv01 data]# ls /work/upload/

aa02.txt aa03.txt aa04.txt aa05.txt aa06.txt aa07.txt aa08.txt

[root@serv01 data]# tar -g flag -cPvfupload03.tar /work/upload/

/work/upload/

/work/upload/aa08.txt

#恢复全备，逐次恢复

#数据丢失

[root@serv01 data]# rm -rf /work/*

[root@serv01 data]# ls /work/

#先恢复全备

[root@serv01 data]# tar -g flag -xPvfupload01.tar

/work/upload/

/work/upload/aa01.txt

/work/upload/aa02.txt

/work/upload/aa03.txt

/work/upload/aa04.txt

/work/upload/aa05.txt

/work/upload/aa06.txt

#可以看到数据回来了

[root@serv01 data]# ls /work/upload/

aa01.txt aa02.txt aa03.txt aa04.txt aa05.txt aa06.txt

#查看aa02.txt文件，发现内容没有

[root@serv01 data]# cat/work/upload/aa02.txt

#恢复文件，从增量备份upload02.tar文件中来

[root@serv01 data]# tar -g flag -xPvfupload02.tar

/work/upload/

/work/upload/aa02.txt

/work/upload/aa07.txt

#查看aa02.txt文件，内容回来了

[root@serv01 data]# cat/work/upload/aa02.txt

hello world

#恢复文件，从增量备份upload03.tar文件中来

[root@serv01 data]# tar -g flag -xPvfupload03.tar

/work/upload/

tar: Deleting `/work/upload/aa01.txt'

/work/upload/aa08.txt

[root@serv01 data]# ls /work/upload/

aa02.txt aa03.txt aa04.txt aa05.txt aa06.txt aa07.txt aa08.txt

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tar命令使用及tar实现全备份和增量备份

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